.search-dialog{inline-size:min(600px,100vw - 2 * var(--gutter-x));margin:10vh auto auto;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:var(--color-elevated);color:var(--color-text-1);box-shadow:var(--shadow-elevated);--pagefind-ui-scale: .8;--pagefind-ui-primary: var(--color-accent);--pagefind-ui-text: var(--color-text-1);--pagefind-ui-background: var(--color-elevated);--pagefind-ui-border: var(--color-line-2);--pagefind-ui-tag: var(--color-surface-1);--pagefind-ui-border-width: 1px;--pagefind-ui-border-radius: var(--radius);--pagefind-ui-font: var(--font-sans)}.search-dialog::backdrop{background:#00000073}:root[data-theme=dark] .search-dialog::backdrop{background:#000000b8}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-theme=light]) .search-dialog::backdrop{background:#000000b8}}.search-dialog-bar{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;padding:4px 4px 0}.search-dialog-close{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;inline-size:40px;block-size:40px;border:0;border-radius:var(--radius);background:none;color:var(--color-text-3);cursor:pointer;transition:color var(--motion),background-color var(--motion)}.search-dialog-close:hover{color:var(--color-text-1);background:var(--fill-3)}.search-dialog-close svg{inline-size:16px;block-size:16px}.search-dialog #search{max-block-size:min(70vh,560px);overflow-y:auto;padding:4px 16px 16px;scrollbar-width:thin}.search-dialog input:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--color-accent);outline-offset:1px;box-shadow:var(--ring)}.search-dialog #search mark{background:var(--color-primary-bg);color:inherit;border-radius:var(--radius-sm)}.search-dialog .search-note{padding:16px;font-size:var(--text-ui);color:var(--color-text-2)}.skip-link{position:fixed;z-index:20;top:8px;left:8px;transform:translateY(-150%);padding:8px 12px;border-radius:var(--ui-radius-control);background:var(--ui-surface);color:var(--ui-text);box-shadow:0 4px 14px #0002}.skip-link:focus{transform:translateY(0)}@font-face{font-family:Temml;src:url(/_astro/Temml.CCjoacWt.woff2) format("woff2");font-weight:400;font-style:normal}math{font-family:"Cambria Math",STIXTwoMath-Regular,NotoSansMath-Regular,math;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:normal;font-size-adjust:none;text-indent:0;text-transform:none;letter-spacing:normal;word-wrap:normal;direction:ltr;font-feature-settings:"dtls" off}math *{border-color:currentColor}math.tml-display{display:block;width:100%}*.mathcal{font-feature-settings:"ss01"}math .mathscr{font-family:Temml}mo.tml-prime{font-family:Temml}mfrac>:nth-child(2),msqrt,mover>:first-child{math-shift:compact}.menclose{display:inline-block;position:relative;padding:.5ex 0ex}.tml-cancelto{display:inline-block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;padding:.5ex 0ex;background-color:currentColor;-webkit-mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'><defs><marker id='a' markerHeight='5' markerUnits='strokeWidth' markerWidth='7' orient='auto' refX='7' refY='2.5'><path fill='black' d='m0 0 7 2.5L0 5z'/></marker></defs><line x2='100%25' y1='100%25' stroke='black' stroke-width='.06em' marker-end='url(%23a)' vector-effect='non-scaling-stroke'/></svg>");mask-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'><defs><marker id='a' markerHeight='5' markerUnits='strokeWidth' markerWidth='7' orient='auto' refX='7' refY='2.5'><path fill='black' d='m0 0 7 2.5L0 5z'/></marker></defs><line x2='100%25' y1='100%25' stroke='black' stroke-width='.06em' marker-end='url(%23a)' vector-effect='non-scaling-stroke'/></svg>");-webkit-mask-repeat:no-repeat;mask-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-mask-size:100% 100%;mask-size:100% 100%;-webkit-mask-position:0 0;mask-position:0 0}@supports (-moz-appearance: none){.tml-vec{transform:scale(.75)}.ff-narrow{width:0em}.ff-nudge-left{margin-left:-.2em}.ff-squash mtd{display:block;height:0}}@supports (not (-moz-appearance: none)){mo.tml-prime{font-family:Temml}.tml-sml-pad{padding-left:.05em}.tml-med-pad{padding-left:.1em}.tml-lrg-pad{padding-left:.15em}}@supports (-webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(1px)){.wbk-acc{transform:translateY(.431em)}.wbk-sml{transform:translate(.07em)}.wbk-sml-acc{transform:translate(.07em,.431em)}.wbk-sml-vec{transform:scale(.75) translate(.07em)}.wbk-med{transform:translate(.14em)}.wbk-med-acc{transform:translate(.14em,.431em)}.wbk-med-vec{transform:scale(.75) translate(.14em)}.wbk-lrg{transform:translate(.21em)}.wbk-lrg-acc{transform:translate(.21em,.431em)}.wbk-lrg-vec{transform:scale(.75) translate(.21em)}}menclose{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact}.tml-right{text-align:right}.tml-left{text-align:left}.tml-shift-left{margin-left:-200%}@supports (not (-webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(1px))) and (not (-moz-appearance: none)){.chr-sml{transform:translate(.07em)}.chr-sml-vec{transform:scale(.75) translate(.07em)}.chr-med{transform:translate(.14em)}.chr-med-vec{transform:scale(.75) translate(.14em)}.chr-lrg{transform:translate(.21em)}.chr-lrg-vec{transform:scale(.75) translate(.21em)}.tml-shift-left{margin-left:-100%}menclose{position:relative;padding:.5ex 0ex}.tml-overline{padding:.1em 0 0;border-top:.065em solid}.tml-underline{padding:0 0 .1em;border-bottom:.065em solid}.tml-cancel{display:inline-block;position:absolute;left:.5px;bottom:0;width:100%;height:100%;background-color:currentColor}.upstrike{clip-path:polygon(.05em 100%,0em calc(100% - .05em),calc(100% - .05em) 0em,100% .05em)}.downstrike{clip-path:polygon(0em .05em,.05em 0em,100% calc(100% - .05em),calc(100% - .05em) 100%)}.sout{clip-path:polygon(0em calc(55% + .0333em),0em calc(55% - .0333em),100% calc(55% - .0333em),100% calc(55% + .0333em))}.tml-xcancel{clip-path:polygon(.05em 0em,0em .05em,calc(50% - .05em) 50%,0em calc(100% - .05em),.05em 100%,50% calc(50% + .05em),calc(100% - .05em) 100%,100% calc(100% - .05em),calc(50% + .05em) 50%,100% .05em,calc(100% - .05em) 0%,50% calc(50% - .05em))}.longdiv-top{border-top:.067em solid;padding:.1em .2em .2em .433em}.longdiv-arc{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:.1em;left:-.4em;width:.7em;border:.067em solid;transform:translateY(-.067em);border-radius:70%;clip-path:inset(0 0 0 .4em);box-sizing:border-box}.menclose{display:inline-block;text-align:left;position:relative}.phasor-bottom{border-bottom:.067em solid;padding:.2em .2em .1em .6em}.phasor-angle{display:inline-block;position:absolute;left:.5px;bottom:-.04em;height:100%;aspect-ratio:.5;background-color:currentColor;clip-path:polygon(.05em 100%,0em calc(100% - .05em),calc(100% - .05em) 0em,100% .05em)}.tml-fbox{padding:3pt;border:1px solid}.circle-pad{padding:.267em}.textcircle{position:absolute;inset:0;border:.067em solid;border-radius:50%}.actuarial{padding:.03889em .03889em 0;border-width:.08em .08em 0em 0em;border-style:solid;margin-right:.03889em}.tml-tilde-2{transform:scale(2,1.1)}.tml-tilde-3{transform:scale(3,1.1)}.tml-tilde-4{transform:scale(4,1.1)}.tml-hat-1{transform:scaleX(1.9)}.tml-hat-2{transform:scaleX(3.9)}.tml-hat-3{transform:scaleX(5.8)}.tml-hat-4{transform:scaleX(7.8)}.tml-right{text-align:-webkit-right}.tml-left{text-align:-webkit-left}}.special-fraction{font-family:STIX TWO,Times New Roman,Times,Tinos,serif}math{display:inline-flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:baseline}math>mrow{padding:.5ex 0ex}mtable.tml-jot>mtr>mtd{padding-top:.7ex;padding-bottom:.7ex}mtable.tml-small mtd{padding-top:.35ex;padding-bottom:.35ex}@-moz-document url-prefix(){math{display:inline}math>mrow{padding:0}mtd,mtable.tml-small mtd{padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0}mtable.tml-jot>mtr>mtd{padding-top:.2ex;padding-bottom:.2ex}}.tml-eqn:before{counter-increment:tmlEqnNo;content:"(" counter(tmlEqnNo) ")"}body{counter-reset:tmlEqnNo}.ts-inline-code span,.ts-code-block span{color:var(--shiki-light, inherit)}[data-theme=dark] .ts-inline-code span,[data-theme=dark] .ts-code-block span{color:var(--shiki-dark, var(--shiki-light, inherit))}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html:not([data-theme=light]) .ts-inline-code span,html:not([data-theme=light]) .ts-code-block span{color:var(--shiki-dark, var(--shiki-light, inherit))}}.site-notice[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi]{border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-line-1);background:var(--color-surface-1)}.site-notice[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi][hidden]{display:none}.site-notice-in[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi]{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;max-inline-size:var(--container);margin-inline:auto;padding:8px var(--gutter-x)}.site-notice[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi] p[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi]{flex:1;margin:0;color:var(--color-text-1);font-size:.8125rem;line-height:1.5;text-align:center}.site-notice[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi] p[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi] a{color:var(--color-accent);text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px}.site-notice[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi] button[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi]{display:grid;flex:none;place-items:center;inline-size:28px;block-size:28px;border:0;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);padding:0;background:none;color:var(--color-text-2);cursor:pointer}.site-notice[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi] button[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi]:hover{background:var(--color-surface-2);color:var(--color-text-1)}.site-notice[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi] svg[data-astro-cid-dl7uxvgi]{inline-size:16px;block-size:16px}.site-header{border-block-end:1px solid var(--color-line-1);background:var(--color-ground)}.site-name{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;color:var(--color-text-1);font-weight:600;font-size:var(--text-h5);text-decoration:none}.site-name img{inline-size:24px;block-size:24px;flex:none;border-radius:var(--radius-sm)}.site-nav a{color:var(--color-text-2);text-decoration:none;padding-block:4px;white-space:nowrap;flex-shrink:0;transition:color var(--motion)}.site-nav a[aria-current=page],.site-screen nav a[aria-current=page]{color:var(--color-text-1);font-weight:600;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:var(--color-accent);text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-underline-offset:6px}.site-nav a:hover{color:var(--color-accent)}.site-nav a:active{color:var(--color-primary-active)}.icon{inline-size:16px;block-size:16px;flex:none}.site-menu-drop{position:relative}.site-menu-drop summary{list-style:none;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;block-size:32px;padding-inline:8px;border-radius:var(--radius);font-size:var(--text-ui);color:var(--color-text-2);cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap;flex-shrink:0;transition:color var(--motion),background-color var(--motion)}.site-menu-drop summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.site-menu-drop summary:hover,.site-menu-drop[open] summary{color:var(--color-text-1);background:var(--fill-3)}.site-menu-drop .chevron{inline-size:12px;block-size:12px;color:var(--color-text-3)}.site-version summary{font-family:var(--font-mono);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}.site-drop-list{position:absolute;inset-inline-end:0;inset-block-start:calc(100% + 6px);z-index:40;min-inline-size:160px;padding:4px;border:1px solid var(--color-line-1);border-radius:var(--radius-md);background:var(--color-elevated);box-shadow:var(--shadow-elevated)}.site-drop-list a{display:block;white-space:nowrap;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:var(--radius);font-size:var(--text-ui);color:var(--color-text-1);text-decoration:none;transition:color var(--motion),background-color var(--motion)}.site-drop-list a:hover{background:var(--fill-3)}.site-drop-note,.site-drop-current{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;white-space:nowrap;padding:5px 12px;font-size:var(--text-ui);color:var(--color-text-2)}.site-drop-current{color:var(--color-accent);background:var(--color-primary-bg);border-radius:var(--radius);font-weight:600}.site-drop-current svg{inline-size:14px;block-size:14px;flex:none}.site-lang .site-drop-list a{padding-inline-start:32px}.site-search{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:var(--ui-space-2);block-size:32px;min-inline-size:104px;padding-inline:12px;border:0;border-radius:var(--radius);background:var(--fill-4);color:var(--color-text-2);font-family:inherit;font-size:var(--text-ui);cursor:pointer;white-space:nowrap;flex-shrink:0;transition:color var(--motion),background-color var(--motion)}.site-search:hover{background:var(--fill-3);color:var(--color-text-1)}.site-search .icon{inline-size:16px;block-size:16px}.site-search-label{display:none}@media(min-width:64rem){.site-search-label{display:inline}}.site-search-phone{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;inline-size:36px;block-size:36px;border:0;border-radius:var(--radius);background:none;color:var(--color-text-2);cursor:pointer;transition:color var(--motion),background-color var(--motion)}.site-search-phone:hover{color:var(--color-text-1);background:var(--fill-3)}.site-search-phone .icon{inline-size:18px;block-size:18px}.site-theme,.site-social{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;inline-size:32px;block-size:32px;border:0;border-radius:var(--radius);background:none;color:var(--color-text-2);cursor:pointer;transition:color var(--motion),background-color var(--motion)}.site-theme:hover,.site-social:hover{color:var(--color-text-1);background:var(--fill-3)}.site-theme .icon-moon{display:none}:root[data-theme=dark] .site-theme .icon-sun{display:none}:root[data-theme=dark] .site-theme .icon-moon{display:block}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){:root:not([data-theme=light]) .site-theme .icon-sun{display:none}:root:not([data-theme=light]) .site-theme .icon-moon{display:block}}.site-menu summary{position:relative;list-style:none;display:block;inline-size:40px;block-size:40px;margin-inline-end:-8px;cursor:pointer;border-radius:var(--radius)}.site-menu summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.site-menu-bar{position:absolute;inset-inline-start:10px;inline-size:20px;block-size:2px;background:var(--color-text-1);border-radius:1px;transform-origin:center;transition:transform var(--motion),opacity var(--motion),inset-block-start var(--motion)}.site-menu-bar:nth-child(1){inset-block-start:12px}.site-menu-bar:nth-child(2){inset-block-start:19px}.site-menu-bar:nth-child(3){inset-block-start:26px}.site-menu[open] .site-menu-bar:nth-child(1){inset-block-start:19px;transform:rotate(45deg)}.site-menu[open] .site-menu-bar:nth-child(2){opacity:0}.site-menu[open] .site-menu-bar:nth-child(3){inset-block-start:19px;transform:rotate(-45deg)}.site-screen{position:fixed;inset:calc(var(--nav-height) + 1px) 0 0 0;z-index:50;overflow-y:auto;padding:8px var(--gutter-x) 96px;background:var(--color-ground)}.site-screen nav a{display:block;padding:14px 0;border-block-end:1px solid var(--color-line-1);color:var(--color-text-1);font-weight:500;text-decoration:none}.site-screen-group+.site-screen-group{margin-block-start:12px;border-block-start:1px solid var(--color-line-2)}.site-screen-row{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:12px 0;border-block-end:1px solid var(--color-line-1);font-size:var(--text-ui);color:var(--color-text-2)}.site-screen-langs{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-end;align-items:baseline;gap:2px 14px}.site-screen-langs a{color:var(--color-accent);text-decoration:none}@media(forced-colors:active){.site-menu-bar{background:CanvasText}}:lang(ko) .site-nav{line-height:1.65}:lang(ko) .site-nav a,:lang(ko) .site-search{line-height:1.5}.site-footer{margin-block-start:96px;border-block-start:1px solid var(--color-line-1);background:var(--color-ground)}.site-map{padding:32px var(--gutter-x) 24px;max-inline-size:var(--container);margin-inline:auto;display:grid;gap:24px 32px}.site-map h2{font-size:var(--text-ui);font-weight:600;line-height:1.5;color:var(--color-text-1)}.site-map ul{margin-block-start:2px}.site-map li{break-inside:avoid}.site-map a{display:block;padding-block:3px;font-size:var(--text-ui);color:var(--color-text-2);text-decoration:none;transition:color var(--motion)}.site-map a:hover{color:var(--color-accent)}.site-legal{max-inline-size:var(--container);margin-inline:auto;padding:16px var(--gutter-x) 24px;border-block-start:1px solid var(--color-line-1);display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 24px;font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.6667;color:var(--color-text-2)}.site-legal p{margin:0}.site-legal a{color:var(--color-text-2);text-decoration:none;transition:color var(--motion)}.site-legal a:hover{color:var(--color-accent)}@media(min-width:40rem){.site-map-docs ul{columns:2;column-gap:var(--ui-space-8)}}@media(min-width:48rem){.site-map{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,max-content));column-gap:64px;justify-content:space-between}}:lang(ko) .site-map{line-height:1.65}.issue-form[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.issue-form[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le][data-done]>[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]:not(h2,.issue-status,.issue-actions){display:none}h2[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{margin:0 0 16px;font-size:var(--text-h5);line-height:var(--text-h5--line-height);font-weight:600}.issue-box[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-block-end:8px}.issue-box[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le][data-dragging]{outline:2px solid var(--ui-focus);background:var(--color-primary-bg)}.issue-add[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{align-self:start}.issue-add[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le] svg[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{flex:none;inline-size:14px;block-size:14px}.issue-attached[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:0 0 8px;padding:0;list-style:none}.issue-attached[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le] li{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;block-size:48px;border:1px solid var(--color-line-1);border-radius:var(--radius);background:var(--color-surface-1)}.issue-attached[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le] img{block-size:46px;inline-size:auto;max-inline-size:96px;border-radius:var(--radius) 0 0 var(--radius);object-fit:cover}.issue-attached[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le] .issue-chip{padding-inline-start:10px;color:var(--color-text-2);font-family:var(--font-mono);font-size:var(--text-label)}.issue-attached[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le] button{display:grid;place-items:center;inline-size:24px;block-size:24px;margin-inline-end:4px;padding:0;border:0;border-radius:var(--radius-sm);background:none;color:var(--color-text-3);cursor:pointer}.issue-attached[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le] button:hover{background:var(--fill-3);color:var(--color-text-1)}.issue-attached[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le] svg{inline-size:12px;block-size:12px}.issue-trap[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{position:absolute;inset-inline-start:-10000px;inline-size:1px;block-size:1px;overflow:hidden}.issue-status[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{margin:0 0 8px;color:var(--color-text-1)}.issue-status[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]:empty{display:none}.issue-note[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{margin:0 0 16px;color:var(--color-text-2);font-size:var(--text-label);line-height:var(--text-label--line-height)}.issue-actions[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end;gap:8px}[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]:lang(ko) .issue-dialog[data-astro-cid-r5gwe5le]{line-height:1.6}